X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Explained: Non-Destructive Analysis
Deep dive into XRF technology. How characteristic X-rays allow for rapid, accurate elemental analysis of mineral samples without damaging the specimen.
The Speed of Light Analysis
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) is the workhorse of the mining industry. It allows geologists and metallurgists to determine the elemental composition of a sample in seconds, facilitating real-time decision-making.
Principles of Physics
Excitation & Emission
- Irradiation: A primary X-ray source targets the sample.
- Ejection: High-energy photons dislodge inner-shell electrons from the sample's atoms.
- Fluorescence: Outer-shell electrons fall to fill the vacancies. As they drop to lower energy states, they emit specific secondary X-rays (fluorescence).
Fingerprinting Elements
Each element exhibits a unique electronic energy signature. By measuring the energy (or wavelength) of the emitted X-rays, the XRF analyzer identifies:
- Which elements are present (Qualitative analysis).
- How much of each is present (Quantitative analysis).
Industrial Applications
Exploration
Handheld XRF guns allow field geologists to map mineral anomalies instantly, guiding drilling programs.
Quality Control
At The3Rocks, benchtop XRF units verify every shipment.
- Precision: Capable of detecting major elements (Lead, Zinc, Iron) to within 0.1%.
- Speed: Full spectrum analysis in <2 minutes.
- Non-Destructive: The sample remains unaltered for further testing.
XRF ensures that the chemical composition stated on your Certificate of Analysis (CoA) matches the physical reality of the product.